and up until now的意思|示意

Generating speech with computers is called text-to-speech (TTS) and up until now has worked by piecing together short pre-recorded syllables 2 and sound fragments to form words.

用计算机合成语音的技术叫做“从文本到语音（TTS）”，现存的工作原理是将提前录制好的短音节和声音碎片合成语言。

The mood at Citigroup, seen until now as one of the biggest losers from the crisis, is suddenly bullish: insiders talk up the stability of its earnings and the advantages of deposit funding. [/align]

作为危机以来损失最为惨重之一的花旗银行内的情绪突然牛气冲天，业内人士对其稳定的收入与存款资金的优势大加赞赏。

Up until now international relations studies have not settled how to combine theoretical studies and practical analysis.

目前的国际关系研究，还没有解决好理论研究与现实分析相结合的问题。

Up until now, only a few laws have been unified, and cross-state conflicts of laws still exist.

到目前为止，真正得到统一的法律屈指可数，州际法律冲突仍然存在。

Up until now, powerful wiki, blog, discussion forum and document-management software have worked around relational databases to make them store document-oriented data as efficiently as possible.

到目前为止，强大的wiki、博客、讨论论坛和文档管理软件都致力于改善关系数据库，让它们能够更高效地储存文档形式的数据。

The mood at Citigroup, seen until now as one of the biggest losers from the crisis, is suddenly bullish: insiders talk up the stability of its earnings and the advantages of deposit funding.

花旗集团被认为是危机中最惨痛失败者之一，但他的态度却突然乐观：内部人士开始宣扬其稳定的收入和存款储备的优势。